"KONDISI KEHIDUPAN BERAGAMA DI BAWAH PEMERINTAHAN MUHAMMAD AL-FATIH: ANALISA KEBIJAKAN PERLINDUNGAN HAK-HAK MINORITAS AGAMA"

MUHAMMAD, HAMIM ABDILLAH (2026) "KONDISI KEHIDUPAN BERAGAMA DI BAWAH PEMERINTAHAN MUHAMMAD AL-FATIH: ANALISA KEBIJAKAN PERLINDUNGAN HAK-HAK MINORITAS AGAMA". Diploma thesis, UIN RADEN INTAN LAMPUNG.

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Abstract

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini berjudul ―Kondisi Kehidupan Beragama di Bawah Pemerintahan Muhammad Al-Fatih: Analisa Kebijakan Perlindungan Hak-Hak Minoritas Agama‖. Fokus penelitian ini berangkat dari pertanyaan mengenai bagaimana Sultan Muhammad Al-Fatih (1451–1481) mengatur keberagaman agama, khususnya perlindungan hak-hak minoritas non-Muslim pasca penaklukan Konstantinopel tahun 1453, serta apa dampak kebijakan tersebut terhadap stabilitas sosial, politik, dan kehidupan masyarakat Kesultanan Utsmaniyah. Rumusan masalah yang dikaji adalah: pertama, bagaimana kebijakan Muhammad Al-Fatih dalam melindungi hak-hak minoritas agama di wilayah kekuasaannya, terutama komunitas Kristen Ortodoks; dan kedua, bagaimana dampak kebijakan perlindungan tersebut terhadap stabilitas sosial, politik, serta hak asasi manusia pada masa pemerintahannya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui secara mendalam kebijakan perlindungan minoritas agama yang diterapkan, serta menganalisis relevansinya terhadap terciptanya stabilitas dalam masyarakat multikultural. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan historis dan deskriptif-analitis. Sumber data penelitian terdiri atas sumber primer berupa kajian buku Muhammad Al-Fatih Penakluk Konstantinopel karya Syekh Ramzy Al-Munyawi, serta sumber sekunder berupa literatur sejarah, buku, jurnal, dan dokumen lain yang relevan. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui studi pustaka (library research), sedangkan analisis data menggunakan content analysis dengan menelaah, menginterpretasikan, dan menyimpulkan tema-tema pokok dari berbagai sumber. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Sultan Muhammad Al Fatih berhasil menerapkan kebijakan yang humanis, adil, dan toleran terhadap minoritas agama. Hal ini tercermin dari diberlakukannya sistem millet, pengangkatan Gennadius Scholarius sebagai Patriark Ortodoks, serta jaminan perlindungan terhadap gereja, properti, dan kebebasan beribadah umat non-Muslim. Implementasi kebijakan tersebut mampu menjaga stabilitas politik, meredam konflik, serta menciptakan harmoni sosial di tengah masyarakat yang plural. Selain itu, dampak positif juga terlihat pada aspek perekonomian dan kehidupan bermasyarakat, di mana interaksi antaragama berlangsung damai dan produktif. Penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa kebijakan toleransi dan perlindungan minoritas yang diusung oleh Muhammad Al-Fatih merupakan pengejawantahan nilai-nilai Islam tentang keadilan, rahmat, dan penghormatan terhadap perbedaan, yang relevansinya tetap aktual hingga konteks kekinian. Kata Kunci: Muhammad Al-Fatih, Kehidupan Beragama, Minoritas Agama, Kesultanan Utsmaniyah, Sistem Millet, Toleransi, Stabilitas Sosial. ABSTRACT This research is entitled ―The Condition of Religious Life under the Reign of Muhammad Al-Fatih: An Analysis of Policies on the Protection of Religious Minority Rights.‖ The study departs from questions on how Sultan Muhammad Al-Fatih (1451–1481) managed religious diversity, particularly the protection of non-Muslim minority rights after the conquest of Constantinople in 1453, and the extent to which these policies influenced social, political, and communal stability in the Ottoman Empire. The research problems addressed are: first, what were the policies of Muhammad Al-Fatih in protecting the rights of religious minorities within his realm, especially the Orthodox Christian community; and second, what impacts did these protective policies have on social stability, politics, and human rights during his reign. The aim of this research is to explore in depth the protective measures applied to minority groups and to analyze their relevance for sustaining stability in a multicultural society. This study employs a qualitative research approach using historical and descriptive-analytic methods. The primary source is the book Muhammad Al-Fatih: The Conqueror of Constantinople by Shaykh Ramzy Al-Munyawi, while secondary sources include historical literature, books, journals, and other relevant documents. Data were collected through library research and analyzed using content analysis to interpret and synthesize the main themes across various sources. The findings reveal that Sultan Muhammad Al-Fatih implemented humane, just, and tolerant policies toward religious minorities. This is reflected in the application of the millet system, the appointment of Gennadius Scholarius as the Orthodox Patriarch, and the guarantees of protection for churches, properties, and the religious freedom of non Muslims. Such measures successfully preserved political stability, mitigated conflict, and fostered social harmony in a plural society. Additionally, positive impacts were evident in the economic sphere and communal relations, where interfaith interactions took place peacefully and productively. The study affirms that Muhammad Al-Fatih’s policies of tolerance and protection for minorities represented the embodiment of Islamic principles of justice, mercy, and respect for diversity — principles that remain highly relevant in the contemporary context. Keywords: Muhammad Al-Fatih, Religious Life, Religious Minorities, Ottoman Empire, Millet System, Tolerance, Social Stability.

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