AN ANALYSIS OF REFERENCE AND SUBSTITUTION COHESION ON STUDENTS’ ESSAY WRITING AT UIN RADEN INTAN LAMPUNG

DWI, AYU NABILA (2026) AN ANALYSIS OF REFERENCE AND SUBSTITUTION COHESION ON STUDENTS’ ESSAY WRITING AT UIN RADEN INTAN LAMPUNG. Diploma thesis, UIN RADEN INTAN LAMPUNG.

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Abstract

ABSTRACT This study analyzes the types and accuracy of reference and substitution cohesion used in students’ essay writing at UIN Raden Intan Lampung. Using a qualitative content analysis design, the data were obtained from expository essays written by fourth-semester students of the English Education Department in the academic year 2023/2024. The analysis was conducted based on Halliday and Hasan’s cohesion framework and Cho’s criteria for cohesion accuracy. The findings indicate that reference cohesion was used more frequently than substitution cohesion. Personal reference was the most dominant type, followed by demonstrative reference, while comparative reference was not found. Substitution cohesion appeared only in limited cases, showing that students relied primarily on reference devices to maintain textual coherence. Most cohesive devices were used accurately; however, some inaccuracies were identified, particularly unclear references and grammatical inconsistencies that affected coherence. Overall, the study suggests that students depend heavily on reference cohesion, especially personal and demonstrative references, in achieving coherence. Therefore, explicit instruction and guided practice on a wider range of cohesive devices, particularly substitution, are recommended to improve students’ accuracy and the overall quality of their academic writing. Keywords : Cohesion, Reference, Substitution, Accuracy, Essay Writing, Content Analysis.

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